Figure 3: AGEs and physical functions. The Akt signaling pathway or PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway that promotes survival and growth in response to extracellular signals (AKT pathway). AGEs can reduce physical performance in several ways: weaken grip strength; affect protein synthesis and the mToR/p70s6k signaling pathway, thereby reducing muscle function; destroy and reduce muscle function by altering the biomechanical properties of muscle tissue and muscle contractile proteins; increase the degradation of proteins and inhibit protein synthesis and inhibit the Akt pathway, which can decrease motor function, AGE = Advanced glycation end product, mTOR = The mammalian target of rapamycin, p70S6 kinase = Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1